Marriages in Nigeria - 1200 Words

Two major types of marriage exist in Nigeria: monogamy, a marriage of one man to one woman, and polygyny, a marriage of one man to two or more wives. In most cultural groups in Nigeria, traditional marriage is usually an arrangement between two families as opposed to an arrangement between two individuals. Accordingly, there is pressure on the bride and bridegroom to make the marriage work as any problem will usually affect both families and strain the otherwise cordial relationship between them. In most Nigerian cultures, the man usually pays the dowry or bride-price and is thus considered the head of the family. Adultery is acceptable for men, but forbidden for women. Marriage ceremonies vary among Nigerian cultures. Idoma marriage.†¦show more content†¦Okrika is the largest town with the largest population and is the administrative and traditional headquarters of the clan. In the Wakirike area, there are two main types of marriages—the Ya or Iyaye and the Igwa. The Ya marriage ceremony involves certain customary functions that precede the consummation of the marriage. Here the bride and groom must come from the same tribe. When the husband is ready, members of the family assemble for the essential marriage rites, including the tying of the knot. The man is required to produce three to five pieces of kano cloth or Ikpo, one piece of real India cloth, or injiri, four yards of raffia palm cloth sewn together (okuru), and another separate yard of the same material. If the husband is wealthy, he adds additional kinds of cloth. He also provides three or four large pots of palm wine and twenty-two or twenty-four manila. These offerings are placed in the shrine of the family ancestors, and an elderly person in the family takes up the single yard of raffia cloth and ties the knot. The husband and wife stand before the shrine, side by side. The elder then ties the raffia cloth round the waist of the wife seven times, each time uttering some words tha t invoke blessings on the couple. Palm wine is poured into a drinking cup, and the bride and groom drink from it simultaneously. The knot has thus been tied, and divorce becomes virtually impossible.Show MoreRelatedLit Review on Child Marriages in Nigeria2420 Words   |  10 PagesReview 2.1 Background Historical researches aimed at improving sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in Nigeria have focused on unmarried girls and boys. This can be partly attributed to the assumption that male and female adolescents are unmarried and solely responsible for risky sexual behaviour and unwanted pregnancies. However, there is a wide prevalence of early marriages in Nigeria. Nationwide, 19% of girls were married by age 15, and 43% by age 182 (2003, NDHS). The proportions of marriedRead MoreThe Sexual Offences Bill 2015 Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagessexual assault and a varying newly introduced elements of sexual offences has a very strong link to the subject of child marriage in Nigeria hence the reason of its examination as it relates to child marriage and the CRA in line with the legal implications if it were to be made law. The SOB has left a trail of controversy with regards to its provisions on matters such as child marriage, age of sexual consent and pedophilia. To start with, section 7(1- 4) of the Bill states; (1) A person who commits anRead MoreImproving The Retention Rate Of South Nigeria1424 Words   |  6 Pagesnations like Nigeria are working to ensure that the children and youth of their countries have access to free and compulsory primary education in an effort to educate the masses. 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She is one of few women working in her office and she differs from them greatly. While her coworkers are overly religious and focused on finding husbands, she rebels against these norms and begins an affair with a married man. The theme of marriage is obviously a topic that Adichie deems important to the perpetuation of patriarchy in Nigerian society. In her 2012 TEDtalk title â€Å"We Should All Be feminists†, Adichie says â€Å"Because I am female, I am expected to aspire to marriage. I amRead MorePoverty : A Very Frightening Scenario That Has Played Out Time Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is a very frightening scenario that has played out time and time again in Nigeria. Researchers point out in statistics showing that â€Å"in 2012... The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) reported that the poverty crisis in Nigeria varied by region, sector a nd gender, and impacted Nigerian youth, children and mothers more than the adult male population†. The nature and causes of poverty have also been examined. According to the World Bank, â€Å"poverty is an outcome not only of economic processesRead MoreThe Evolution of Women in Nigeria1310 Words   |  6 Pagesroles in food preparation, weaving, pottery, and the economy. However, the impact of British rule in Nigeria made a significant shift from the pre-colonial to the post- colonial era. The influence of the Catholic Church, Western style education, patriarchal government and modern ways of making money took a major toll in a woman’s role in society. As demonstrated in the history and literature of Nigeria, society can clearly witness the setbacks and growths of Nigerian women experienced. This literary

Similarities and Differences of FASB Vs GASB Example

Essays on Similarities and Differences of FASB Vs GASB Essay ï » ¿Similarities and Differences of FASB Vs GASB Similarities Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) and Government Accounting Standard Board are important institutions of accounting that have similarities and differences. For instance, in terms of accounting standards and principles, FASB, an organization established in 1973 deals with the publishing of public sector materials. It also reports on the guidelines that assist in interpreting accounting principles. It implies that that FASB concerns itself with the issuance and creation of GAAP standards particularly in the regulation of standards that touch on private sector. The scenario is replicated with GASB which majorly defines the single reporting method and it comes in three methods (Anderson, 2009). These include methods focussing on governmental agencies, business-type activities, and government-related business-type activities. In other words, the establishment of GASB in 1984 was meant to reinforce the previous functions of FASB. Another similarity is both FASB and GASB ensure reporting standards and financial accounting principles affecting state and local government agencies are fully implemented. Alternatively, the two accounting agencies are critical for financial experts in their preparation of financial statements when they intend to conduct annual financial reporting. It equally ensures that both FASB and GASB focus on demonstrating accountability especially in the utilization of public resources by government and local union officials to avoid corruption. The entire process is often done through a rigorous audit process (Fischer et al, 2011). By enforcing compliance of standards, both FASB and GASB are also evaluate balance sheets, key financial reports and expense report to provide essential guidelines and structure vital in financial reporting. FASB and GASB, in terms of statement of cash flows equally share notable similarities. First, both financial entities deal with financing activities, operating activities, and investments of companies and organizations with statement of cash flows. It means that FASB and GASB are important in the analysis of interests and income taxes of companies. Second, as a result of their successful analysis in tax evaluation, the two financial boards help investors and lenders when examining an organization’s cash flow statement. According to financial experts, the step is important because it ensures that the net income of a company is geared toward generating substantial cash of reducing increased dividends and debts. Additionally, both FASB and GASB are concerned with striking a financial balance between the company’s net income and its operating activities in order to avoid unnecessary borrowings. Sharing of seven-member board of directors is another interesting similarity that connects FASB and GASB. It means the board members have similar functions that include centering on financial reporting and accounting standards. As part of being non-governmental agencies equally accords FASB and GASB an important step when recommending business processes of tax evaluation. Another crucial similarity involves their service financial clients only and no other professionals. The process demonstrates that the two financial entities are specific in their quest to improve financial services offered by companies. Conversely, FASB and GASB complement the work of another with the latter as a government entity partly sponsoring the former. GASB also borrow ideas from FASB in exchange for financial support. Differences In spite of the numerous similarities aforementioned, there are also multiple differences. For example, in terms of standards offered, contribution of services differ because while FASB provides for recognition and giving a criteria that supports measurement, GASB does not. Instead, GASB is still formulating financial plans of adopting a criteria for such recognition. Additionally, while FASB recognizes the urgency of contribution of revenue including correspondence of expense, GASB only evaluates contributed services in form of fair value without any net assets. It reveals another significant difference concerning endowment pledges. GASB, for example, forbids the determination of endowment pledges because they deem endowment as a form of investment perpetuity. In other words, GASB proponents believe that the receivership of funds is the most vital step because it will have impact on gif revenue, net assets, and total assets (Fischer et al, 2011). On the other hand, FASB determines the existence of permanently restricted net assets. Interestingly, restricted cash contributions also affect FASB and GASB. The former has standards that acknowledge cash contributions especially if they both permanently and temporarily restricted. However, the latter demands the deferment of revenue for future use to save resources. Consequently, the management of revenue, deferred assets, and liabilities will reveal a financial difference. In terms of restricted non-endowment pledges, FASB and GASB are also poles apart. The latter supports the reporting of realized gains and losses and net investment income as a single amount while FASB demands for separated display. FASB equally forbids the total determination of operating revenue while GASB recognizes operating revenue in form of investment income when it is used to service a student loan (Kieso et al, 2011). According to financial analysts, the outcome of the above outlined steps will affect investment income because of different operating results in regards to portion of endowment spent and other forms of investment income. The issue of Pell grants equally has ramifications in the operations of FASB and GASB. For example, while the former deems grants as balance sheet pass, the former describes grants as part of activity statement transaction. It means that when operating with GASB, the grant revenue will be higher in public institutions including the net tuition revenue unlike FASB that affects net assets and liabilities. Operation of Perkins loans is another interesting observation on how the two financial entities function (Weil et al, 2012). FASB, for example, describes the loans as part of balance-sheet transaction by citing federal portion as an aspect of liability. On other hand, GASB embraces the activity-statement approach that considers federal portion as wholly part of net assets and not liability. Therefore, funds in possession of others under trust management will display different calculations and guidance. FASB demonstrates guidance by calculating funds as parts of asset while GASB focuss es on report and record of entities to establish the value of assets. In definition of restrictions, according to FASB literature, restrictions are imposed by donors and for a GASB environment, only external party has the right to put restrictions. Accordingly, the entity report and record as spelt out in GASB 14 and GASB 39 stipulates that only affiliated foundations have a right over assets, net assets, and revenues unlike for FASB. Utilization of restricted funds equally elicit a big difference between GASB and FASB. The former supports various approaches of issuing restrictions to explain disclosure of funds while the latter uses a report model of reducing net assets. It means that post-employment benefits caused by both financial entities not have a similar outlook. Instead, there shall be consistent treatment of post-retirement benefits and pensions through FASB’s reporting model. The process occurs despite the existence of unrestricted resources usually called the dollar release concept. GASB, however, integrates consistent methodologies that account for all accruing post-employment benefits and pensions (Kieso et al, 2011). In terms of asset impairment, FASB depends on future cash flows often evaluated through the determination of impairment losses while GASB strictly concentrates on asset’s service utility. Overall, management analysis and discussions of both institutions present varying financial scenarios worth observing. First, financial statements of FASB do not have consistent requirements unlike GASB that derives satisfaction from public colleges through presentation of financial statements in form of charts, tables, and graphs. Capitalization of investments in regards to software means FASB develops in-house resources while GASB concentrates on intangible assets (Griff, 2014). According to an advisory committee, the latter offers guidance in the independent institutions through recommendations unlike FASB that focusses on divergent systems. In summary, while both institutions enforce standard reporting on financial accounting, they heavily differ on financial accounting standards. References Anderson, G. (2009). The Future of Public Employee Retirement Systems. New Jersey, NJ: OUP. Fischer, P. et al (2011). Advanced Accounting. New York, NY: SAGE. Griff, M. (2014). Professional Accounting Essays and Assignments. New Jersey, NJ: SAGE. Kieso, D. et al (2011). Intermediate Accounting. Mason, OH: Springer. Weil, R. et al (2012). Financial Accounting: An Introduction to Concepts, Methods and Uses. Mason, OH: Cenegage Learning.

Glycemic Control and Excess Mortality

Question: Discuss about the Glycemic Control and Excess Mortality. Answer: Introduction: The type 1 diabetes is linked to chronic kidney disease (Inzucchi et al. 2015). Though the mechanism is unknown, the high blood glucose levels damages the glomeruli. There is decreased glomerular filtration rate or albuminuria resulting in chronic kidney disease due to prevailing high blood glucose levels in the body of the patient. In the given case study, Mrs Mallacoota is suffering from type 1 diabetes linked to chronic kidney disease. The diabetes or high blood glucose levels in the body have injured the small blood vessels in the body. Due to this, the kidney is not able to clean the blood efficiently and as a result, more water and salt is retained in the body that resulted in ankle swelling and tiredness in the patient. It has also caused puffy eyes in the patient due to excess fluid and sodium retention. It gets accumulated during sleeping due to gravity and appears puffy after getting up from sleep. Relationship between type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease According to Burrow and Ride (2016) there is burden of kidney disease among the Aboriginal population than the non-indigenous population. They are susceptible to diabetes and high blood pressure linked to chronic kidney disease. People above the age of 60, having a high blood pressure or type 1 diabetes are prone to chronic kidney disease due to high blood glucose levels (). The type 1 diabetes harms the kidney functioning. The tiny blood vessels in the filtering units of kidney become narrow and highly clogged due to high blood sugar levels in the body. Therefore, the kidneys get damaged due to decrease in the efficiency of the glomerular filtration rate and there is deposition of salt and water leading to puffiness in eyes and ankles in the patient. Evidence has proved that lifestyle programs that are short term help to keep the high blood sugar levels and high blood pressure in control (Atkinson et al. 2014). The low sodium, potassium and phosphorus in diet, physical exercise, diabetes meal plan, limiting of protein, physical exercise and proper sleep would help Mrs. Mallacoota to keep blood glucose levels under control (Smith et al. 2014). Moreover, she is stressed thinking about her future and that she requires new pair of kidneys. The progressive relaxation therapy would help to manage stress in her and prevent the heart co-morbidities in her (Lind et al. 2014). References Atkinson, M.A., Eisenbarth, G.S. and Michels, A.W., 2014. Type 1 diabetes.The Lancet,383(9911), pp.69-82. Burrow, S. and Ride, K., 2016. Review of diabetes among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Mt Lawley (AUST): Edith Cowan University Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet. Inzucchi, S.E., Bergenstal, R.M., Buse, J.B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., Peters, A.L., Tsapas, A., Wender, R. and Matthews, D.R., 2015. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.Diabetes care,38(1), pp.140-149. Lind, M., Svensson, A.M., Kosiborod, M., Gudbjrnsdottir, S., Pivodic, A., Wedel, H., Dahlqvist, S., Clements, M. and Rosengren, A., 2014. Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes.New England Journal of Medicine,371(21), pp.1972-1982. Smith, L.B., Kugler, B.B., Lewin, A.B., Duke, D.C., Storch, E.A. and Geffken, G.R., 2014. Executive functioning, parenting stress, and family factors as predictors of diabetes management in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes using intensive regimens.Children's Health Care,43(3), pp.234-252.

The 1950s free essay sample

An examination into United States of the fifties and the reasons why these years were considered Happy Days. A paper which studies the 1950s and shows why they were seen as successful years in American history. The author discusses the boom in consumerism as a result of added exposure to the media and television, advancement in technology, the explosion of youth culture and the concentration of family values in family life. America enjoyed a boom time of prosperity during the 1950s despite having three recessions, consumer prices rose by 5.5%, Federal income expenditure went from -$3,122m in 1950 to +$269m in 1960. The reason for the American economy being so strong after the war was that most of the other major countries had been severely damaged by the war, North America had not seen any fighting, with the exception of Pearl Harbor. This gave America the head start over the other countries, to get back to normality and it did by growing and expanding itself from its industry to its export market. We will write a custom essay sample on The 1950s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The population grew by 18.5% in the 50s, the highest increase in the 20th Century, due to the increased rate of births and immigration.